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==Отношения с Китаем, Россией и Англией==
ByОтдельной aстатьёй separateЧжэфуской article of the Che-fu Conventionконвенции (13 Sept.,сентября 1876) itбыло hadоговорено, beenчто stipulatedанглийское thatправительство theв Englishследующем Governmentгоду mightможет inпослать theисследовательскую nextмиссию yearиз sendПекина aчерез missionГаньсу ofи exploration by way of Peking through Kan-su and Kuku-norКукунор, orили byчерез way of Sze-ch'wanСычуань toв TibetТибет, andи thenceдалее toв IndiaИндию. The TsungЦзунли-li-Yamanямынь, having dueимея regardсоответствующее toотношение theк circumstancesэтому, was,должен whenбыл, theс timeнаступлением arrivedвремени, toвыпустить issueсоответствующие theпаспорта necessaryи passports,рекомендательные andписьма addressвысоким lettersпровинциальным to the high provincial authoritiesчиновникам, and to theи imperialимператорскому residentрезиденту inв TibetТибете. TheАнгличане Englishне didвоспользовались notэтой takeстатьёй advantageи ofотменили thisмиссию article and countermanded the mission by ArticleСтатьёй 4 ofКонвенции, theподписанной Conventionв signed at Peking,Пекине 24 July,июля 1886 года, regardingотносительно BurmahБирмы andи TibetТибета. A convention with China was signed on 17 March, 1890, at Calcutta, settling the boundary frontiers between Sikkim and Tibet, and trade regulations were also signed in December, 1893. But the Tibetans occupied land inside the treaty boundary; on the other hand Russian activity in Tibet was causing great anxiety to the Indian government; Lord Curzon had attempted to open direct communication with the dalai lama; there were rumours of a Russo- Tibetan agreement. Notwithstanding Russia's protest, the Indian Government proposed sending a mission to Lhasa. Finally this mission was organized in July, 1903, with Major Francis E. Younghusband at its head; this first mission was turned into a second mission with Younghusband as a commissary and General James R.L. Macdonald as commander of the military escort. The English crossed the Jelep Pass (12 Dec., 1903), occupied Phari (19 Dec.), stormed Gyantse (12 April, 1904), and entered Lhasa on 3 August; the dalai lama was in flight. A treaty was signed on 7 September; the British troops left Lhasa and they were back in India on 25 October. The treaty was ratified by the Viceroy of India on 11 Nov., 1904); it included ten articles: The Government of Tibet engaged to respect the Anglo-Chinese Convention of 1890 and to recognize the frontier between Sikkim and Tibet; undertook to open forthwith trade-marts, to which all British and Tibetan subjects should have free right of access at Gyantse and Gastok as well as at Yatung; the roads to Gyantse and Gastok from the frontier were to be kept clear of all obstructions; an indemnity of £500,000, reduced since to one- third of this amount, was to be paid to the British Government for the expense incurred in the despatch of armed troops to Lhasa; all forts and fortifications were to be razed and all armaments removed which might impede the course of free communication between the British frontiers and the towns of Gyantse and Lhasa. These terms were really very moderate. On 27 April, 1906, a convention was signed at Peking by Sir Ernest Mason Satow for Great Britain and by Tang Shao-yi for China, including six articles: the Lhasa Convention was confirmed; Great Britain engaged not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet; China also undertook not to permit any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet. Finally, in 1907, Russian and Great Britain also singed a convention: both parties engaged to respect the territorial integrity of Tibet and to abstain from all interference in its internal administration, not to send representatives to Lhasa, neither to seek nor to obtain, whether for themselves or for their subjects, any concessions for railways, roads, telegraphs, and mines, or other rights in Tibet. From this time the Tibetan frontier has been closed to all foreigners, though the prohibition has been eluded by the daring Swedish explorer, Sven Hedin. The dalai lama had fled to Urga, in Mongolia, which he left in the summer of 1907 to settle at the Kun Bum Monastery; afterwards, in 1908, he went to the celebrated pilgrimage of Shan-si, Wu tai Shan, whence he repaired to Peking. An audience was granted to him by the emperor and he was allowed to leave the Chinese capital on 21 Dec., 1908, and return to Lhasa, where he was not to stay long; a body of Chinese troops invaded Tibet, the dalai lama fled to Darjeeling, and the result of the policy of both Great Britain and Russia has been the virtual annexation of Tibet by China.
==Миссии==
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