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==История==
LittleМало isчто knownизвестно ofо theдревней ancientистории historyТибета, ofкроме Tibetтого, theчто firstего dynastyпервая havingдинастия beenбыла foundedоснована byиндийским theпринцем Indian prince RupatiРупати; butисторический theпериод historicalначинается periodздесь beginsс atконца theVI endвека ofпо theР. sixth century A.DХ., whenкогда theпервый firstцарь king,Лунцзанг Luntsang,стал madeсовершать inroadsнабеги toна IndiaИндию. Luntsang'sСыном sonЛунцзанга isбыл theзнаменитый celebratedСронгцзанг Srong-tsang Gam-poГамбо, oneодин ofиз theвеликих greatгероев champions of Buddhismбуддизма; inв 639 heгоду marriedон Bribtsun,женился daughterна Брибцзун, ofдочери AnçuvarmanАнчувармана, sovereignвладыки of NepalНепала, andа inв 641 theна princessпринцессе of Wen ch'engВэньчен, daughter of the Chineseдочери emperorкитайского T'ai-императора tsungТайцзуна. UnderПод theirих influenceвлиянием, the Tibetan prince gave a great extension to Buddhism in his empire; he founded in 639 Lhasa, formerly Lha-Idam where for centuries his heirs governed the country with the title of ''gialbo'' in Tibetan, and of ''tsanp'o'' in Chinese. The Tibetans were the allies of the Khalif of Bagdad and they invaded the Chinese provinces of Yun-nan, Sze-ch'wan and Kan-su, as far as Ch'ang ngan, capital of the T'ang emperors. The two most ancient historical edicts have been found by Dr. L.A. Waddell upon a lofty pillar of victory which stands at the foot of Potala Hill, under the castles of the ancient kings, now incorporated in the palace of the dalai lama; they date between A.D. 730 and 763, are the earliest historical Tibetan documents hitherto discovered, and throw a sidelight on the ancient history and geography of China. The eighth century is the culminating point of Tibetan power, which was destroyed when the Uighurs became the masters of the whole country between Peit'ing and Aksu.
During the eleventh century the priests of the Sakya Monastery began to be predominant in Tibet; they were called ''Hung Kiao'', Red Church, on account of the colour of their garments and of their headgear. The laxness of their morals, the marriage of monks, and sorcery were the chief causes of the reform undertaken by Tsong K'apa or Je Rinpoch'e (b. at Amdo near Kuku-nor in 1358), founder of the Gelupa Sect, who adopted a yellow dress (''hwang kiao''), and obliged his followers to return to the primitive religion of Buddha; he founded the monasteries of Gadan and of Sera, and died in 1418, having established the lamaist hierarchy. His successor, Gedundub, built the Monastery of Tashilumbo, which became in the seventeenth century the residence of the second lama, the ''panch'en rinpoch'é'', which the first lama or dalai lama settled in 1641 to the west of Lhasa. The ''panch'en lama'', Paldan-yeshes, died at Peking on the 27 Nov., 1780, during a visit to the Emperor of China. During the eighteenth century the Chinese Emperor, K'ien-lung, began to establish his supremacy over Tibet; already in 1725 two high Chinese commissioners had been appointed to control the temporal affairs of the country, and in the first moon of 1793 an imperial edict ordered that future dalai lamas were to be chosen from the names of children drawn from a "golden urn".
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